Examples of using Global models in English and their translations into Russian
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Colloquial
In general, the global models can be considered uncertain, but useful, frameworks.
Improvement of the input of globally observed satellite measurements directly into global models.
Many of these have become global models, and have been adopted by other regions as well.
Analysing the European forest sector in a global context using existing global models(for example GFPM);
Testing global models of intercontinental pollution transport using aircraft and satellite observations.
These models have been tested widely,are applicable at the national level to varying degrees, and are compatible with global models.
New developments in Hg chemistry: Update the Hg chemical scheme in the regional and global models based on new findings of the research community(MSC-E);
This inter-hemispheric gradient has been observed consistently in ship-borne observations andis reproduced by current global models.
Candidate global models were identified for producing boundary conditions for regional models once the global emissions data sets are available.
Participate in the TFHTAP model intercomparison for ozone, PM compounds, POPs andheavy metals with the two EMEP global models(MSC-W, MSC-East);
Further progress is needed in advancing global models for best practices on corporate sustainability reporting, paying particular attention to the needs of developing countries, including for capacity-building.
To build up data sets, including of downscaled social, economic and climate data and locally collected data,in order to validate global models and data.
Study global models to assess the future trends of tropospheric baseline concentrations of ozone and the influence of source regions outside Europe on European ozone levels and, in collaboration with CCE, study the exceedances of critical levels.
Participate in the TFHTAP model intercomparison for ozone, PM compounds, POPs andheavy metals with the two EMEP global models(MSC-W, MSC-East);
MSC-W, in cooperation with Oslo University, will study global models to assess the future trends in troposphere baseline concentrations of ozone and the influence of source regions outside Europe on European ozone levels and exceedances of critical levels;
The uncertainties regarding the scenarios were noted,particularly the difficultiesin using global models to predict regional and national change.
Weather forecasts are currently generated by global models, which are in turn used to create high-resolution regional models in order to forecast more specific local details of weather systems, such as temperature, wind and precipitation.
Therefore, it was also important to bring an understanding of O3 as a moderator of climate change responses into global models of terrestrial net primary productivity and carbon sequestration.
Recognizing the inherentlimitations of current models, the conference participants noted the results of recent multi-model experiments using regional and global models.
In this context, the work with global models will also be important, not only in assessing the future trends of tropospheric baseline concentrations of ozone, but also the influence of source regions outside Europe on European ozone levels and exceedances of critical levels.
New development- integrated EMEP global system: Evaluate the effect of using different geophysical andemission data in the existing global models used at the two meteorological synthesizing centres(MSC-E, MSC-W);
To best participate in the global spatial data infrastructure community, developing countries should first develop a national spatial data infrastructure(NSDI)which can then be merged with the regional and global models.
Participants drew attention to the need for a thorough appreciation of the uncertainties andconstraints associated with the use of data for regional and global models, and for an understanding of the limits and benefits of the use of regional model outputs for adaptation planning.
Assessment of the impact of emission trading schemes for carbon dioxide that would shift emissions across Europe, using global, local and sector-specific models, andin particular evaluating the links between local and global models.
Both address global models with national disaggregation, have top-down and bottom-up perspectives, have difficulties with non-price issues and with inter-comparability, and suffer from a lack of adequate data and uncertainties associated with results, and their simulations rest on long-term climate scenarios.
Both versions external design look evolved from the New Edge styling used from the previous-generation model to the Kinetic design adopted by the OneFord global models since 2010; the interior drew cues from the third generation Ford Focus.
Participants noted that the quality of regionalized model projections at present is often inadequate for providing the specific anddetailed information needed for adaptation planning, and that therefore regional models are having to be used in collaboration with global models.
Global models predict that, until 2050, risks to forest ecosystems from acidification will remain fairly constant in Europe and North America but will increase significantly in East Asia and in some parts of the east coast of South America, mainly due to increased sulphur emissions in those regions.6,7 III.
The participants reviewed the results of the multi-model experiments conducted under the auspices of the Task Force and the Aerosol Comparisons between Observations and Models(AEROCOM) initiative, noting the need for further study of the linearity and variability of source-receptor relationships, the coupling andintercomparison of regional and global models as well as vertical exchange and wet scavenging processes.
At the same time, as global models provide the range of possible future climates as well as necessary inputs(e.g. boundary conditions) for all the regional and subregional climate simulations, participants reiterated the importance of further enhancement and refinement of global models to improving climate information in support of adaptation strategies.

