Примеры использования Direct use material на Английском языке и их переводы на Русский язык
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Unirradiated direct use material. .
Direct use material in fresh fuel or fresh targets.
All nuclear material except direct use material.
Direct use material in a mix with substantial amounts of fission products.
Variations on the definition"unirradiated direct use material" as raised by participants Variation.
Special fissionable material plusneptunium" and"unirradiated direct use material.
Unirradiated direct use material, plus(possibly) separated neptunium and americium.
The IAEA defines a mixture of uranium-235 and uranium-238 enriched to 20 percent ormore in U-235 to be"direct use material.
In this approach, the FMCT would verify only"unirradiated direct use material", that is plutonium and uranium free of fission products.
It includes depleted, natural and low enriched uranium, and thorium,all of which must be further processed in order to produce direct use material.
Unirradiated and irradiated direct use material except unirradiated and irradiated plutonium in and from MOX spent fuel.
Thus, for plutonium,production would begin with what the IAEA calls"separated direct use materials" or"unirradiated direct use material.
Unirradiated and irradiated direct use material except plutonium in and from MOX spent fuel and high-burn-up plutonium, both unirradiated and irradiated.
Some sought to frame a definition of stocks around the three categories:(a)separated direct use materials,(b) all direct use materials and(c) all fissionable materials. .
Proponents of the"unirradiated direct use material" option expressed the view that definitions should focus on material and activities which presented a risk to the object and purpose of an FMCT.
Some noted that if"fissile material" were defined in an FMCT as"unirradiated direct use material", the terms"irradiated" and"unirradiated" might also need to be defined.
Thus, for the purposes of this paper,references to fissile material should be taken as synonymous with a reference to the IAEA definition of"unirradiated direct use material" as explained above.
One side supported the term"direct use material", as used in the IAEA safeguards, and the other side supported the term"special fissionable material", as stipulated in Article 20 of the IAEA Statue.
This broader approach would however greatly contribute to non-proliferation by limiting the amount of direct use materials that can be accessible to non-state actors for building improvised nuclear explosive devices.
Direct use material which does not contain substantial amounts of fission products, which therefore would require less time and effort(compared to irradiated direct use material) to convert to components of nuclear explosive devices.
More fittingly, the IAEA safeguards glossary at para 4.25- considers"direct use material" i.e."nuclear material that can be used for the manufacture of nuclear explosive devices without transmutation or further enrichment.
Most efficient and most effective would be a combination of both approaches, one in which verification would ignore all irradiated materials(according to a properdefinition of an"irradiated" threshold), except those containing"direct use materials" as defined here above for the FMCT.
For example, in the case of"unirradiated direct use material", the coverage would include all enrichment and reprocessing facilities, whether military or civilian, whether or not they contained the corresponding fissile material. .
Regarding the definition of fissile material that is to be banned, it would be a good approach to include therein unirradiated direct use material and other special fissionable material to be specified by the international community at a future stage.
If the"unirradiated direct use material" definition applied, certain forms of nuclear material would become subject to an FMCT when moving from the irradiated form to the unirradiated form, and conversely, unirradiated nuclear material might no longer be subject to an FMCT once irradiated.
The differences between these two definitions- essentially unirradiated direct use material and special fissionable material- raised issues which may feature prominently in FMCT negotiations in the CD and which are set out in more detail below.
Furthermore, under"direct use material",a view was expressed that both irradiated and unirradiated direct use material should be included, whereas another view was expressed that irradiated plutonium should be excluded from"direct use material" and its scope should be limited to separated plutonium.
However, if a definition for"fissile material" broader that"unirradiated direct use material" applied- i.e. one which included both irradiated and unirradiated nuclear material, such as"special fissionable material"- this issue might not be relevant.
The IAEA defines"unirradiated direct use material" as nuclear material that can be used for the manufacture of nuclear explosive devices without transmutation or further enrichment, including unirradiated plutonium containing less than 80% Pu-238, uranium enriched to 20% or higher in the isotope U-235, and U-233.
So despite the differences between"special fissionable material plusneptunium" and"unirradiated direct use material", some observed that the gap between the two definitions might be narrower than first appeared, when possible verification activities underpinning those options were considered.