Примеры использования Establishing reference на Английском языке и их переводы на Русский язык
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Approaches to establishing reference emission levels.
Experts identified several weaknesses of modelling approaches to establishing reference emission levels.
A process for establishing reference emission levels and reference levels.
Other outstanding issues andfurther needs for establishing reference emission levels.
Present models for establishing reference levels are not able to provide this proof.
The discussions raised several questions concerning a possible process for establishing reference emission levels.
Elements and options for establishing reference levels have been assessed in a study supported by the Government of Norway.
It was also recognized that the implications of different approaches for establishing reference emission levels need to be considered further.
Any approach to establishing reference emission levels should be flexible to ensure broad but voluntary participation by developing countries.
GPS is considered to be a cheap, accurate and fast method,in particular for the maintenance of cadastral maps and for establishing reference points for traditional surveying;
They also presented their experiences on establishing reference emission levels and scale of implementation national and/or subnational level.
As an introduction to the session on reference emission levels,a technical resource person from the IIASA presented an overview of work at the Institute on modelling frameworks for establishing reference emission levels.
Participants noted that the choice of methodologies for establishing reference emission levels may have implications for policy approaches.
For establishing reference emission levels, Costa Rica has experience with a national accounting system based on available and reliable historical data to measure changes in forest cover and carbon stocks.
Experts discussed and exchanged views on various issues, principles andprocesses relating to different approaches for establishing reference emission levels, the availability of data and the use of existing tools and methodologies.
Two main approaches to establishing reference emission levels were identified: one based on historical deforestation rates and the other based on projected or expected deforestation rates.
Although there are concerns about the quality of such data and associated uncertainties,the experts were of the view that they could be used initially to make conservative estimates and as a basis for establishing reference emission levels.
All the data needed for establishing reference emission levels may not always be available; countries are at different stages of data collection and assessment, and their data vary in quality.
Some experts were of the view thatglobal reference levels are necessary, in order to avoid initial individual country estimates used for establishing reference emission levels leading to unrealistically high emission estimates at the global level before improvement of these estimates over time.
Regardless of the process for establishing reference emission levels, one expert noted that any system established should be attractive to all developing countries and encourage them to develop their capacities.
It was agreed that structured fishing should not intentionally be designed to have local long-term impacts on krill-dependent predators(this would be inconsistent with the objectives of Article II), but establishing reference areas within a structured fishing approach could provide sources of krill and/or predators that might ensure inadvertent impacts at local scales do not impact the system as a whole.
The concept of an"aspirational goal"(as part of establishing reference emission levels) was introduced by one of the experts as a goal that participating developing countries could set as part of their ambition of reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation.
At its next session following the adoption of this Protocol, the Conference of the Parties shall adopt appropriate means of measuring, reporting and verifying nationally appropriate mitigation actions associated with reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, andelaborate modalities and procedures for establishing reference emission levels and/or reference levels.
It was noted that when default factors provided by the IPCC are used for establishing reference emission levels, these same default factors should also be applied to the calculation of emission reductions to ensure consistency.
The Working Group noted that establishing reference areas within a structured fishing strategy would both increase the power of the strategy to separate the potential effects of fishing from those related to climate change and minimise the risks of fishery impacts while management strategies are developed and tested.
One expert, however, argued that the IPCC tier 1 approach, in which default values and spatially coarse data are used,is too simple for establishing reference emission levels and that, although there is a need for incremental improvement of data and approaches, beginning with IPCC tier 1 could affect the required robustness of results.
Most experts mentioned that any approach to establishing reference emission levels should take into consideration a country's position on the forest transition curve, socio-economic factors, existing policies and measures and the respective capabilities of developing countries.
Usage of historical data as a reference level should provide the necessary degree of transparency in procedures for establishing reference levels and maintain accounting in the LULUCF sector is comparable with other sectors in which emissions during the commitment period are correlated with the value of 1990 as well.
The SBSTA recognized that in order to generate accurate andprecise data and information for establishing reference emission levels and reference levels as contained in document FCCC/SBSTA/2008/13, paragraph 40, and for establishing and operating monitoring systems, there are research priorities and capacity-building needs, such as those identified in the outcomes of the expert meeting referred to in paragraph above and the views submitted by Parties referred to in paragraph above.
Also, it exhibits high comparability with established reference methods.