Примеры использования Liberalization may на Английском языке и их переводы на Русский язык
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Trade liberalization may have negative consequences for women.
In the absence of sound environmental policies, trade liberalization may lead to negative environmental effects in the short run.
Trade liberalization may have positive as well as negative environmental effects.
Under these circumstances competitive behaviour may not be the rule, and liberalization may not result directly in the improvements in market functioning that are being sought.
Trade liberalization may shift economic inequality from a global to a domestic scale.
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Sharp changes in world commodity prices, interest rates and exchange rates,restrictions on the movement of factors of production or, on the contrary, their liberalization may affect a country's socio-economic conditions in many ways either for the better or for the worse.
Globalization and liberalization may reinforce traditional relations of dominance between firms in developed and developing economies.
The resort to self-employment in response to shocks caused by economic transitions,globalization and market liberalization may take several forms, of both short and long duration, and in both traditional and innovative sectors of the economy.
Trade liberalization may be helpful for the diffusion of these technologies to the extent that trade barriers are still high.
While the Round could stabilize the agricultural trading environment by reducing trade restrictive measures and subsidies,increased liberalization may lead to an increase in the dependency of countries on imports, in particular for net food-importing developing countries.
Trade liberalization may be helpful for the diffusion of these technologies to the extent that trade barriers are still high.
The fact that the new mode of competition requires firms(particularly in developing countries) to undergo a lengthy and costly process of learning andtechnological upgrading, and that abrupt liberalization may be counter-productive with regard to attaining international competitiveness, constitutes a compelling case for special and differential treatment for developing countries in matters regarding a possible multilateral framework on competition.
Liberalization may be based on a progressive approach with an implementation period, especially for DCs 10 years in MERCOSUR.
Examples of experience with policy reform measures given in document UNCTAD/SDD/SHIP/5, support the observations made in theearlier report entitled"Progressive liberalization and the development of shipping services in developing countries"(TD/B/CN.4/34) that liberalization may have a substantial impact on the ability of developing country and country in transition shipping companies to participate in the supply of services.
In other cases, trade liberalization may have negative environmental effects.
While liberalization may have fostered economic growth, they have also led to rising inequalities and a decline in living standards, even in richer countries.
However, the global trend towards liberalization may make possible a more consistent application over time of the exchange-rate method.
Liberalization may, however, also raise prices in some cases, increasing import costs to food-deficit countries, many of which are developing countries.
Studies have shown that market liberalization may result in different outcomes depending on the services sector and country/region at stake.
Liberalization may result in increased prices; privatization is not likely to deliver on the goals of rural electrification(see paragraph 17, the example of Chile's rural electrification programme(box 3) is also instructive in this regard); and increasing the efficiency of former State-run utilities can imply the loss of many jobs.
Finance is another area in which liberalization may not have its intended effects unless it is accompanied by complementary actions by the state.
Moreover, financial liberalization may increase capital flight from these countries unless other policies are undertaken to promote domestic investment.
Likewise, a process of trade and investment liberalization may be developed by the newly created(March 1996) Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation.
Deeper liberalization may also lead to significant tariff revenue losses, which is a concern in those developing countries where tariffs are a major source of Government revenue.
In particular, international sharing of infrastructure as well as liberalization may produce hubs-and-spokes systems that benefit primarily the hubs, unless some kind of international sharing mechanism exists for the resulting costs and benefits.
While globalization and liberalization may enhance opportunities for LDCs in respect of access to non-traditional export markets, there are also challenges for LDCs. Economic globalization and liberalization could expose export products of LDCs to a much higher degree of competition than before, particularly in the land-locked LDCs that have to bear high transportation costs.
Alternatively, trade liberalization may exacerbate underlying policy or market failures, leading to increased environmental degradation.
While trade liberalization may help promote competition from imported products, for certain goods, high logistic costs can hinder import penetration.
Concerns were voiced that liberalization may negatively affect access/equity(e.g. liberalization creating situations where benefits arise predominantly for those who do not face most access-related difficulties); that liberalization might generate structural changes leading to a two-tier system and"cream-skimming"; and that it might render specific services more expensive and impossible to access, particularly for the poor and marginalized even if the overall impacts of liberalisation are positive.
Liberalization might not stimulate competition or increase the choice available to traders, but could lead to the marginalization of national operators and generate considerable unemployment.