Примеры использования Radiative forcing на Английском языке и их переводы на Русский язык
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Direct radiative forcing of black carbon.
Greenhouse gases, aerosols and their radiative forcing.
Indirect radiative forcing of black carbon.
Anthropogenic aerosols tend to produce negative radiative forcing.
Near-term radiative forcing, by Markus Amann.
The impact of gases andaerosols on climate is usefully expressed as radiative forcing.
Chapter 2- Radiative Forcing of Climate Change.
Global modelling covered atmospheric transport, wet anddry deposition and radiative forcing.
The radiative forcing of ozone-depleting substances is still increasing.
N2O also has effects on ecosystems and acts as a greenhouse gas,affecting the radiative forcing.
Figure V: Radiative forcing of ozone-depleting substances at a global level.
Further work might also cover the control for PM and their impact on radiative forcing and visibility.
The radiative forcing is normally quoted as a global and annual mean value.
Indirect effects of aerosols represent the largest uncertainty in radiative forcing.
Total radiative forcing is positive, and has led to an uptake of energy by the climate system.
These effects go in different directions,either increasing or reducing radiative forcing.
The radiative forcing of ozone-depleting substances is still increasing, but less than in the 1980s.
Air pollutants also have an indirect effect on radiative forcing, by influencing ozone, PM and/or hydroxyl(OH) radicals.
Participants noted that impact of air pollution in the Arctic related to increased levels of haze, radiative forcing, POPs and mercury.
The storyline names indicate the radiative forcing exerted in 2100, between 2.6(R26), 4.5(R45) and 8.5(R85) W per m2 24.6.
By February 2011 CIAM could include mitigation measures on carbon deposition into the Arctic and the Alps and radiative forcing in the EMEP domain.
Methane also exerts direct radiative forcing and is a GHG with a relatively short atmospheric lifetime 12 years.
For example, increases in NOx emissions decrease(via OH radicals) the lifetime of methane in the atmosphere andthereby cause reduced radiative forcing.
This is because the radiative forcing of HCFCs is increasing, while that of CFCs is levelling off.
Equivalent CO2 The concentration of CO2 that would cause the same amount of radiative forcing as the given mixture of CO2 and other greenhouse gases.
Aerosols have other effects on radiative forcing, through their impact on clouds by deposition of BC on ice and snow fields which reduce the surface albedo.
Yu et al. used the HTAP multi-model experiments to evaluate the impacts of intercontinental transport of aerosols on aerosol optical depth(AOD)and direct radiative forcing.
This results in a positive radiative forcing which will tend to warm the lower atmosphere and surface.
Participants recommended that modellers need to exploit existing satellite observations to better understand processes that govern air pollution radiative forcing.
Other examples could include impacts on near-term radiative forcing and other appropriate near-term climate metrics.