Examples of using Liberalization commitments in English and their translations into Spanish
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Official
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Colloquial
ACP countries generally made liberalization commitments for 80 per cent of trade over 15 years.
This approach can, in theory, provide the same level of liberalization as the negative list approach butprovides greater flexibility in designing the scope and pace of liberalization commitments.
Further liberalization commitments on trade in tourism should be negotiated under the General Agreement on Trade and Services GATS.
In order to allow governments to dealwith these adjustment costs, trade liberalization commitments generally foresee a transition period for implementation.
With respect to further liberalization commitments in UA-related sectors, their extent and nature will only be seen after the resumption of negotiations.
Increased market opening of ISS under trade agreements has brought to the forefront the treatment of ISS that are considered as"public services" andmay be excluded from liberalization commitments.
We are convinced that an ambitious package of trade liberalization commitments would promote economic complementarities among the Participants especially at the interregional level.
Hoekman and Mavroidis(2002) also argue that for developing countries,the presumed benefits of multilateral disciplines in competition policy can be more effectively secured from traditional liberalization commitments using existing WTO fora.
Most liberalization commitments are connected to movement and employment of personnel necessary for establishment and maintenance of a commercial presence i.e. executives, managers, specialists.
They urged all main trading partners of developing countries to honour their trade liberalization commitments and respect the judgements of established dispute settlement mechanisms.
Accordingly, liberalization commitments in UA-related sectors vary, depending on among other things a country's perception of the sector's importance and sensitivity.
To harness thepotentials of the Agreement, we envisage a package of substantial trade liberalization commitments on the basis of mutuality of advantages in such a way as to benefit equitably all GSTP Participants.
The liberalization commitments in the initial offers of Norway, the EC, Canada and other countries are a positive step that contributes to creating a momentum in Mode 4 liberalization negotiations that needs to be further pursued.
Questions and comments by the audience Referring to the fact that LDCs have not made liberalization commitments, one participant enquired about the role of international financial institutions(IFIs) in promoting future autonomous liberalization. .
Liberalization commitments are complemented by mutual recognition agreements(MRAs)(for professional services, including engineering, accountancy, architecture, surveying and nursing) and cooperative mechanisms, such as for infrastructure development.
A participant observed that LDCs andSVEs do not have the capacity to implement liberalization commitments, as further tariff cuts would not only hamper their domestic sectors but would affect public revenues.
Sequencing liberalization commitments in negotiations on non-agricultural market access could also prevent de-industrialization while promoting diversification and competitiveness in post-crisis economies.
Strong and expanded aid for productive capacity, employment andtrade could be linked to trade liberalization commitments to help developing countries implement accompanying domestic measures, including labour market adjustment.
For some, new liberalization commitments were important(effectively removing existing restrictions), while others might use FTAs to lock in unilateral liberalization or commit to less than the status quo.
The GATS does indeed offer flexibility for UA policies, more specifically through its concepts of progressive liberalization andpositive listing for liberalization commitments and its(re)affirmation of Members' right to regulate and to establish national policy objectives.
Roy et al.(2007)have found that overall services liberalization commitments in preferential trade agreements(PTAs) have gone beyond current GATS commitments as well as offers tabled in the Doha Round negotiations.
This has proved challenging, as African, Caribbean andPacific Group of States(ACP) need to harmonize commitments regionally while national liberalization commitments differed significantly in scope and timing across different interim agreements.
None of the measures were reflected(as conditions) in liberalization commitments, because they are imposed on all service providers in a non-discriminatory manner, regardless of ownership and nationality.
While the extent of liberalization commitments will depend on the carve-outs to the market access commitments, this approach nevertheless risks exposing Canada and the EU to longstanding commitments in areas they did not intend to cover.
Apart from the traditional divide between BITs with and without liberalization commitments, there is no major disagreement about what should be the core elements of a BIT and what basic content its key provisions should have.
One specific mode of supply where liberalization commitments could play an important role in ISS was temporary movement of natural persons(mode 4), particularly the movement of professionals such as accountants, engineers and technicians.
This has a"ratchet effect" of liberalization In contrast,with the positive list approach, liberalization commitments only apply to sectors that countries decide to schedule, and subject to any limitation and conditions that are attached in the schedules.
The GATS architecture permits developing countries to offer trade liberalization commitments in those service sectors where access to foreign services and foreign investment is considered to be most capable of having a positive impact on the economy.
The General Agreement on Trade in Services(GATS)offers potential for mutually beneficial liberalization commitments, although certain clarifications and improvements in the Agreement could make the GATS more attractive still as an instrument of liberalization. .
The f lexibility granted by these instruments allows countries to make greater liberalization commitments since they realize that they can temporarily be relieved of such commitments under difficult circumstances- whether home-grown or the consequence of the policies of other countries.