Приклади вживання Offensive neorealism Англійська мовою та їх переклад на Українською
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A second group of criticism addresses the issue of offensive neorealism's restrictive focuses.
John Mearsheimer's offensive neorealism intends to fix the"status quo bias" of Kenneth Waltz's defensive neorealism. .
To begin with,scholars have pointed out several logical issues within Mearsheimer's offensive neorealism.
Defensive neorealists identify a number of problems regarding offensive neorealism's support of aggressive expansion of power.
Mearsheimer's offensive neorealism represents an important contribution to international relations theory yet also generated important criticism.
Most importantly, scholars have questioned the theory's empirical validity and prediction ability,which in turn can negatively affect the validity of offensive neorealism's prescriptions for state behavior in international politics.
Firstly, scholars believe that Mearsheimer's offensive neorealism provides an alternative complement to Waltz's defensive neorealism. .
Offensive neorealism: a structural theory belonging to the neorealist school of thought first postulated by John Mearsheimer that holds that the anarchic nature of the international system is responsible for aggressive state behavior in international politics.
Considering the theory's regional security analyses,he further argues that offensive neorealism fails to clearly define what constitutes a region with"entities like Europe or North-East Asia(taken) for granted", leaving room for scholarly disapproval.[54].
Offensive neorealism: a structural theory belonging to the neorealist school of thought first postulated by John Mearsheimer that holds that the anarchic nature of the international system is responsible for aggressive state behavior in international politics.
Setting to rectify the status quo bias pertaining to defensive neorealism by arguing that anarchy can also generateincentives for states to maximize their share of power, offensive neorealism solves anomalies that Waltz's theory fails to explain.
As Snyder states, Mearsheimer's offensive neorealism"enlarges the scope of neorealist theory by providing a theoretical rationale for the behavior of revisionist states".[44].
Aggressive great powers' measures to maximize their security threaten others which leads to an actual justified security competition between states rather than an unnecessary one based on hypothetical threats.[53]Toft indicates flaws relating to offensive neorealism's level of analysis.
Indeed, in offensive neorealism, the international system provides great powers with strong incentives to resort to offensive action in order to increase their security and assure their survival.[21][22].
Snyder rejects Mearsheimer's view of the security dilemma as"a synoptic statement of offensive realism".[51][52]He argues that offensive neorealism's positing of all states as revisionists removes the central proposition- uncertainty about other states' intentions- on which the whole concept of security dilemma is grounded.
The emphasis offensive neorealism puts on hegemony as states' end aim stands in sharp contrast to defensive neorealism's belief that state survival can be guaranteed at some point well short of hegemony.
To the contrary of defensive neorealism according to which states are status quo powers seeking only to preserve their respective positions in the internationalsystem by maintaining the prevailing balance of power,[20][21] offensive neorealism claims that states are in fact power-maximising revisionists harbouring aggressive intentions.
Ultimately, Mearsheimer's offensive neorealism draws a much more pessimistic picture of international politics characterised by dangerous inter-state security competition likely leading to conflict and war.[16][17].
In addition to mentioning the theory's failure to account for Japan's 20th century territorial acquisitions, NATO's continuation or Germany's non-achievement of regional hegemony in the post-Cold war era,[1][62]they have also expressed serious doubts regarding offensive neorealism views on China's rising power and U.S. regional hegemony.
Ultimately, Mearsheimer's offensive neorealism draws a much more pessimistic picture of international politics characterised by dangerous inter-state security competition likely leading to conflict and war.
They argue that states are not intrinsically aggressive and that"the first concern of states is not to maximize power but to maintain their position in the system".[9]This is the crucial point of departure from offensive neorealism, which instead argues that anarchy encourages states to increase state power vigorously, as"the world is condemned to perpetual great power competition".[10].
John Mearsheimer's offensive neorealism intends to fix the"status quo bias" of Kenneth Waltz's defensive neorealism.[18][19] While both neorealist variants argue that states are primarily concerned with maximising their security, they disagree over the amount of power required in the process.
Moreover, this complementarity could signify theoretical interrelation with the two theories working in alternation to explain state behavior, thereby allowing for a"more complete structural realist theory that can more accurately account for both defensive and offensive state behavior".[45] Secondly,these scholars uphold the argument that Mearsheimer's offensive neorealism significantly contributes to foreign policy theory and alliance theory.
In contrast to another structural realist theory,the defensive neorealism of Kenneth Waltz, offensive neorealism maintains that states are not satisfied with a given amount of power, but seek hegemony for security because the anarchic makeup of the international system creates strong incentives for states to seek opportunities to gain power at the expense of competitors.
Contrary to Waltz's rejection of defensive neorealism as a theory capable of explainingforeign policy on top of international politics,[46][47] offensive neorealism includes explanations of both international outcomes pertaining to the systemic level of analysis and individual state behavior.[48][49] Additionally, the inclusion of new variables such as geography alongside the distribution of power enhances offensive neorealism's potential to make specific assumptions about states' pursuit of aggressive actions and resort to balancing and buck-passing.[50].
Like defensive neorealism, offensive realism posits an anarchic international system in which rational great powers uncertain of other states' intentions and capable of military offensive strive to survive.
Tang's second article argues that because the international systemhas always been an evolutionary one, neither offensive realism nor defensive neorealism has a claim to be a theory for the whole of human history: the two realism are theories for different epochs of human history.
Robert J. Art- neorealism Robert Jervis- defensive realism Kenneth Waltz- structural realism Stephen Walt- defensive realism John Mearsheimer- offensive realism Robert Gilpin- hegemonic theory.
Neorealism therefore works from realism's five base theoretical assumptions as outlined by offensive neorealist scholar John J. Mearsheimer in"The False Promise of International Institutions".