Ví dụ về việc sử dụng Xiongnu trong Tiếng anh và bản dịch của chúng sang Tiếng việt
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In 47, an opportunity arose with regard to Xiongnu.
The Xiongnu adopted the surviving Wusun prince and made him one of their generals and leader of the Wusun.
The Wusun then resettled in Gansu as vassals of the Xiongnu.
Xiongnu had a succession dispute, pitting the current chanyu, Punu(蒲奴) against his cousin Bi(比), the son of a former chanyu.
However, throughout his reign, there were no major wars with Xiongnu.
Relations with the Xiongnu continued to be troubled and in 133 BC Emperor Wu of Han proceeded against them with 300,000 men.
Han Dynasty General Huo Qubing is recorded tohave died of such a contamination while engaging in warfare against the Xiongnu.
Their flourishing trade brought them into direct conflict with the Xiongnu, who eventually forced them out of the Chinese trading game.
Apparently the Xiongnu comprised a number of tribes and geographic groups, not all of which were probably Turkic(considering the later mixed ethnicity).
The first Disaster of Wu started in 446, when Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei, a devout Taoist who followedthe Northern Celestial Masters, was fighting the Xiongnu rebel Gai Wu(蓋吳).
According to official reports, the Xiongnu lost 80,000 to 90,000 men, and out of the 140,000 horses the Han forces had brought into the desert, fewer than 30,000 returned to China.
During the Qin Dynasty and its successor, the Han, the Chinese armies were faced with a new military threat,that of nomadic confederations such as the Xiongnu in the North.
The Xiongnu use of large numbers of heavy cavalry with iron armor for both rider and horse gave them a decisive advantage over Jin armies already weakened and demoralized by three years of civil war.
They left Ferghana to journey back to China with 3,000 horses- of which only 1,000 survived the trip-to continue fighting the Xiongnu for another decade.
In the east, in the early 5th century,Tiefu Xia is the last southern Xiongnu dynasty in Western China and the"Alchon"/"Huna" appear in what is now Afghanistan and Pakistan.
Armies during the Qin and Han dynasties largely inherited their institutions from the earlier Warring States Period, with the major exception that cavalry forces were becoming more and more important,due to the threat of the Xiongnu.
After Qin Shi Huang conquered the six other Chinese kingdoms of Han, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan, and Qi,he turned his attention to the Xiongnu tribes of the north and west and the Hundred Yue peoples of what is now southern China.
When Emperor Qin Shi Huang unified the states in 221 BCE, the Tibetan Plateau and Pacific Ocean became natural barriers, but the mountains in the north remained vulnerable to Mongol,Turkish, and Xiongnu invasions.
Although the nomadic Xiongnu were a constant threat from the north, with the help of many capable generals, Emperor Wu abandoned the defensive stance of previous Han emperors and launched many successful military campaigns against the Xiongnu.
Lu, after initially submitting to Emperor Guangwu and made the Prince of Dai(as Emperor Guangwu maintained the fiction that Lu was actually from imperial lineage), eventually rebelled again, but, unable to succeed,eventually fled to Xiongnu in 42.
Sometime after 155 BC,the Yuezhi were again defeated by an alliance of the Wusun and the Xiongnu, and were forced to move south, again displacing the Scythians, who migrated south towards Bactria and present Afghanistan, and south-west closer towards Parthia.
Bichurin claimed that the first usage of the word Oghuz appears to have been the title of Oğuz Kağan, whose biography shares similarities with the biography, recorded by Han Chinese, of Xiongnu leader Modu Shanyu(or Mau-Tun),[15][16] who founded the Xiongnu Empire.
During the 2nd century BC, according to ancient Chinese sources,a steppe tribal confederation known as the Xiongnu and their allies, the Wusun(probably an Indo-European people) defeated the neighboring Indo-European-speaking Yuezhi and drove them out of western China and into Central Asia.
In fact, the Indo-Scythian war is just one chapter in the events triggered by the nomadic flight ofCentral Asians from conflict with tribes such as the Xiongnu in the 2nd century CE, which had lasting effects on Bactria, Kabul, Parthia and India as well as far-off Rome in the west.
According to Shiji, Wusun was a state located west of the Xiongnu.[25] When the Xiongnu ruler died, Liejiaomi refused to serve the Xiongnu.[2] The Xiongnu then sent a force to against the Wusun but were defeated, after which the Xiongnu even more than before considered Liejiaomi a supernatural being, avoiding conflict with him.
In fact, the Indo-Scythian war is just one chapter in the events triggered by the nomadic flight ofCentral Asians from conflict with tribes such as the Xiongnu in the 2nd century AD, which had lasting effects on Bactria, Kabul, and India as well as far-off Rome in the west, and more nearby to the west in Parthia.
In fact, the Indo-Scythian war is just one chapter in the events triggered by the nomadic flight ofCentral Asians from conflict with tribes such as the Xiongnu in the 2nd century AD, which had lasting effects on Bactria, Kabul, and India as well as far-off Rome in the west, and more nearby to the west in Parthia.