Examples of using Use-values in English and their translations into Portuguese
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Colloquial
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Official
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Medicine
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Ecclesiastic
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Ecclesiastic
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Computer
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Official/political
A larger mass of use-values will be expressed in a smaller total value.
Local communities participating in Orchid Diversity Fair to see, locate andknow status, use-values of orchids of their areas.
Just not simply use-values for the lord, as a serf would do, but use-values which are going to go to others through the market.
In order toproduce the latter," that is commodities,"he must not only produce use-values, but use-values for others.
I'm not interested in discussing the history of use-values or anything of that kind, or the way in which they measure this kind of thing. All I'm interested in is the concept of use-value.
If the growth of the quantityproduced is occasionally mentioned, this is only done with reference to the greater abundance of use-values.
That is what they have in common and what exchange- and use-values are bearers of is that quality of being products of human labour.
If we proceed further, and compare the process of producing value with the labour-process, pure and simple, we find that the latter consistsof the useful labour, the work, that produces use-values.
But to Adam Smith,it is general social labour- no matter in what use-values it manifests itself- the mere quantity of necessary labour, which creates value.
As use-values, commodities differ above all in quality, while as exchange-values they can only differ in quantity," that is: how much of this exchanges for how much of that.
Though a use-value, in the form of a product, issues from the labour-process,yet other use-values, products of previous labour, enter into it as means of production.
It would seem easier to rely on the planning of use-values in a rational way, which because there is no duplication, would be produced more cheaply and be of a higher quality.
The tiresome debater's problem of freedom vs. necessity, resolves itself practically once the production of use-values is co-extensive with the consumption of delightful play activity.
The labour-process, resolved as above into its simple elementary factors,is human action with a view to the production of use-values, appropriation of natural substances to human requirements; it is the necessary condition for effecting exchange of matter between man and Nature; it is the everlasting Nature-imposed condition of human existence, and therefore is independent of every social phase of that existence, or rather, is common to every such phase.
But we have also seen, that we will be going to be talking about motion, about movement, about the making of things, about labour processes,which become objectified in use-values, and which become represented by exchange-value.
They are both money, and therefore are not qualitatively different use-values; for money is but the converted form of commodities, in which their particular use-values vanish.
In their view, it is only one definite kind of concrete labour-agricultural labour-that creates surplus-value… But to Adam Smith,it is general social labour-no matter in what use-values it manifests itself-the mere quantity of necessary labour, which creates value.
In contrast to capitalism,which relies upon the coercive market forces to compel capitalists to produce use-values as a byproduct of the pursuit of profit, socialist production is to be based on the rational planning of use-values and coordinated investment decisions to attain economic goals.
Bathed in the fire of labour, appropriated as part and parcel of labour's organism, and, as it were, made alive for the performance of their functions in the process, they are in truth consumed, butconsumed with a purpose, as elementary constituents of new use-values, of new products, ever ready as means of subsistence for individual consumption, or as means of production for some new labour-process.
In such cases, international exchange has its basis,not in division of labour which presupposes the production of different use-values, but solely in different levels of production-costs, in values having various scales in the various countries, but reduced, through international exchange, to socially indispensable labour on a world scale.
But such things are of no concern to the capitalist who is engaged in the production,not of use-values, but solely of exchange-values, which can only be realised in the act of exchange.