Examples of using Noncoding in English and their translations into Russian
{-}
-
Official
-
Colloquial
The amount of noncoding DNA varies greatly among species.
Destabilising polyadenylation targets both mRNA and noncoding RNAs.
The significance of noncoding DNA mutations in cancer was explored in April 2013.
Other types of mutations can even generate entirely new genes from previously noncoding DNA.
Examples of noncoding RNA include ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA, Piwi-interacting RNA and microRNA.
A statistical distinction between coding and noncoding DNA sequences has been found.
Noncoding RNAs are functional RNA molecules that are not translated into protein.
One example is MHM(male hypermethylated) RNA,an Xist-like long noncoding RNA that is expressed only in female chickens ZW.
Some noncoding DNA sequences determine where transcription factors attach.
The analysis of small RNAs andtheir targets have shown that there are some differences in noncoding small RNA, in susceptible and resistant cotton lines.
Noncoding DNA sequences are components of an organism's DNA that do not encode protein sequences.
The amount of total genomic DNA varies widely between organisms, andthe proportion of coding and noncoding DNA within these genomes varies greatly as well.
Some noncoding DNA is transcribed into functional non-coding RNA molecules e.g. transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA, and regulatory RNAs.
Perspective candidates for the role of gastric cancer predictors are microRNAs(miRNAs)representing noncoding ribonucleic acids which consist on average of 22 nucleotides.
The RNA genome also has terminal noncoding regions, which are important in replication, and internal regions that encode virion proteins for gene expression.
According to T. Ryan Gregory, the nature of junk DNA was first discussed explicitly in 1972 by a genomic biologist, David Comings,who applied the term to all noncoding DNA.
Some specific sequences of noncoding DNA may be features essential to chromosome structure, centromere function and recognition of homologous chromosomes during meiosis.
The pufferfish Takifugu rubripes genome is only about one eighth the size of the human genome, yet seems to have a comparable number of genes;approximately 90% of the Takifugu genome is noncoding DNA.
Other studies on plants have discovered crucial functions in portions of noncoding DNA that were previously thought to be negligible and have added a new layer to the understanding of gene regulation.
Noncoding DNA separates genes from each other with long gaps, so mutation in one gene or part of a chromosome, for example deletion or insertion, does not have a frameshift effect on the whole chromosome.
The term occurs mainly in popular science andin a colloquial way in scientific publications, and it has been suggested that its connotations may have delayed interest in the biological functions of noncoding DNA.
Other functions of noncoding DNA include the transcriptional and translational regulation of protein-coding sequences, scaffold attachment regions, origins of DNA replication, centromeres and telomeres.
Though this was not necessarily unexpected due to previous decades of research discovering many functional noncoding regions, some scientists criticized the conclusion for conflating biochemical activity with biological function.
Parts of the noncoding DNA were being deleted by the plant and this suggested that noncoding DNA may not be as critical for plants, even though noncoding DNA is useful for humans.
Linkage mapping often identifies chromosomal regions associated with a disease with no evidence of functional coding variants of genes within the region,suggesting that disease-causing genetic variants lie in the noncoding DNA.
In this way, TRAMP plays a critical role in ridding the cell of noncoding transcripts generated through pervasive RNA polymerase II transcription, as well as functioning in the biogenesis and turnover of functional coding and noncoding RNAs.
For example, in the genomes of humans and mice, which diverged from a common ancestor 65-75 million years ago, protein-coding DNA sequences account for only about 20% of conserved DNA,with the remaining 80% of conserved DNA represented in noncoding regions.
Noncoding genetic polymorphisms play a role in infectious disease susceptibility, such as hepatitis C. Moreover, noncoding genetic polymorphisms contribute to susceptibility to Ewing sarcoma, an aggressive pediatric bone cancer.
For example, it was originally suggested that over 98% of the human genome does not encode protein sequences, including most sequences within introns andmost intergenic DNA, while 20% of a typical prokaryote genome is noncoding.
In 2012, the ENCODE project, a research program supported by the NationalHuman Genome Research Institute, reported that 76% of the human genome's noncoding DNA sequences were transcribed and that nearly half of the genome was in some way accessible to genetic regulatory proteins such as transcription factors.