Examples of using Foreign borrowing in English and their translations into Arabic
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Colloquial
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Political
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Ecclesiastic
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Ecclesiastic
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Computer
Foreign borrowing.
Other countries, such as Poland, relied on foreign borrowing to help maintain living standards.
Foreign borrowing used to finance a consumption boom is likely to be unsustainable.
However, most of the productive investments during therecovery period have been financed from foreign borrowing.
This foreign borrowing is essentially inconsistent with some basic economic fundamentals facing the region.
Despite the new wealth,extravagant spending led to governmental deficits and foreign borrowing in the 1950s.
The overwhelming bulk of foreign borrowing should be aimed at establishing efficient and competitive industries.
The fixed exchange rate also provided an implicit assurance to market participants,who saw no need to hedge foreign borrowing.
In essence, foreign borrowing is deferred exports(in other words,foreign exchange must be earned in the future to repay foreign exchange borrowed today).
Economists have relied on macroeconomic analysis andindicators to deduce quantitative relations between foreign borrowing and overall economic performance.
To maintain their balance of payments, countries increased foreign borrowing to compensate for declining terms of trade as commodity prices dropped sharply in the early 1980s.
Because of these drawbacks, it is often suggested that African governmentsshould finance activities through domestic rather than foreign borrowing.
While domestic borrowing seems more appealing than foreign borrowing because it does not involve exchange rate risk, it also has limitations.
In the early 1990s, less than 10 per cent of total external long-term debt issued by developingcountries was owed by private borrowers and most foreign borrowing was done by the public sector.
To maintain their balance of payments, countries increased foreign borrowing to compensate for declining terms of trade as commodity prices dropped sharply in the early 1980s.
In most of the region ' s other countries,financial capital inflows into the public sector came from higher foreign borrowing, in particular in the form of short-term loans.
The extent to which foreign borrowing stimulates growth in countries also depends on a confluence of factors such as the savings-investment gap, the level of development of the financial sector and exchange rate policies.
In normal circumstances, growing developing countries should see their externaldebt rising, reflecting foreign borrowing to supplement domestic resources for investment.
The seventh draft of RDP retained most proposals for poverty alleviation and public works, andreiterated the commitment of ANC to finance its programme without raising taxes or foreign borrowing.
The link between how debt accumulation can contribute tocapital formation is weakened when foreign borrowing is not utilized to finance a build-up of productive capacity that is capable of producing additional revenues for its servicing.
In the early 1990s, less than 10 per cent of total external long-term debt issued by developingcountries was owed by private borrowers and most foreign borrowing was done by the public sector.
Governments that are trying to reduce therisk of a debt crisis by limiting excessive foreign borrowing and by developing the required infrastructure and institutional setup for an effective domestic debt market should be encouraged and supported.
President Pervez Musharraf ' s Government is working on good governance,the restoration of democracy and an economic revival which regulates foreign borrowing to shed dependency on external creditors.
The sustainability of current account deficits(or foreign borrowing) basically rests on whether foreign investors believe a country will eventually be able to generate a stream of net export earnings sufficient to service and repay its debts.
It has also been suggested that capital account management could beapplied in a counter-cyclical manner by restricting excessive foreign borrowing in good times and controlling capital flight during crises.
At the same time, the private sector in the United States is not expected to generate large enough savings surpluses to finance the Government deficits,implying that the economy will continue to rely on foreign borrowing.
This has also contributed to widening budget deficits in some of the traditionally surplus countries,obliging some of them to resort to foreign borrowing and liquidation of assets held abroad and to pursue more conservative aid policies.
As well, the profligate behaviour of the central Government between September 1989 and June 1993 had resulted inan unmanageable deficit, precipitously declining reserves and imprudent short-term, high-interest foreign borrowing.
Two years ago, the government established a“sovereign fund”, to which it transferred ownership of all public sector entities and government banks so thatthe fund could serve as a guarantor for future foreign borrowing in order to receive reasonable interest rates.