Примеры использования Crowding out на Английском языке и их переводы на Русский язык
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There are concerns that FDI could lead to the crowding out of local companies.
It is recalled that crowding out occurs when an economy is near full employment.
This should be undertaken with care to avoid distorting the market or crowding out the private sector.
In this case, we could speak of a"crowding out effect" of certain technologies, by nuclear technology or others.
Tied aid distorts markets andproduces unwanted spillover effects such as the crowding out of other types of capital formation.
If crowding out is total, the growth rate falls only if public investments are more capital-using than private ones.
Aid should be designed in such a way as to avoid crowding out or distorting domestic financing.
They risk crowding out the existing local capacity by creating an artificial entity that focuses on time-bound project delivery.
Another challenge is to promote competition and avoid crowding out the private sector, where viable.
Until the public sector stopped crowding out the private sector, it would be very difficult to start a widespread movement among commercial banks to lend to SMEs.
The bacteria are picked up somewhere andthen live on the skin, crowding out the normal, harmless bacteria we all carry.
Potential risks include crowding out local investments, anti-competitive practices, transfer pricing, and adverse environmental and social impacts.
The fear of the threat of Chinese military intervention is complemented by the fear of crowding out by Chinese of other companies from various sectors of the economy.
These include the crowding out of domestic service suppliers, potential effects on the balance of payments, and negative cultural and environmental externalities.
Subsidies also help to attract additional funding creating a crowding in rather than a crowding out effect.
On the other hand, it can distort the market somewhat by crowding out other market issues through its sheer size and concentration in selected sectors.
All this is accompanied by overstaffing and consumption of budgetary resources,which at the same time lead to the crowding out of private investment and initiative.
Governments Avoiding crowding out of the private sector, taking into account the specific requirements for medium- and long-term investment finance for SMEs, and ensuring that commercial lending to SMEs is on a sustainable basis. paras. a- b.
Firstly, direct service provision through projects may lead to market distortion and crowding out the fledgling local consulting sector.
The result has been the crowding out of local actors from all aspects of governance for quite some time, even though studies demonstrate that successful reforms and implementation occur only if they respond to local demand and are locally designed.
Concision bias, a tendency to report views that can be summarized succinctly, crowding out more unconventional views that take time to explain.
But existing evidence on crowding in is not conclusive, and generally for it to occur,a high share of domestic capital formation is needed to offset possible"crowding out" effects.
In fact, in some cases it may even have a negative effect in terms of,for example, crowding out domestic private investment and damaging the local environment.
The mechanisms for positive, neutral ornegative impacts by foreign-owned capital upon domestic firms are usually presented as"crowding in","neutral" and"crowding out" effects UNCTAD, 1999.
The key would be to ensure that the participation of political parties did not lead to rising sectarianism, the crowding out of competent independent candidates or the disproportionate influence of any one political party in the Government.
Innovation support instruments must be carefully designed to foster the emergence and uptake of efficient technologies while minimising the risk of technology lock-in,lack of competition or crowding out of private investment.
As a major international security threat, terrorism has many negative effects on development,security and justice, from crowding out investments to increasing feelings of insecurity and victimization among whole populations.
Depending on the situation, FDI may substitute for, complement, or even strengthen capital formation by domestically-owned firms;therefore policymakers should ensure that FDI does not lead to the crowding out of domestic investment.
At the same time, potential disadvantages need to be considered, including the crowding out of domestic firms, technological dependency, higher costs for essential goods and services, and related social consequences e.g. job losses.
Another issue that was raised concerned the effects of TNC operations on thelocal market structure and the need to safeguard against the crowding out of local companies, products and customs.