Приклади вживання Phantom limb Англійська мовою та їх переклад на Українською
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And you all know what a phantom limb is.
The phantom limb-- they will say,"But doctor, the phantom limb is paralyzed.
So, you have a patient with a phantom limb.
Now, why would a phantom limb be paralyzed?
Now, why do you get a paralyzed phantom limb?
The neurological basis and mechanisms for phantom limb pain are all derived from experimental theories and observations.
Deep brain stimulation is asurgical technique used to alleviate patients from phantom limb pain.
Phantom limb pain and phantom limb sensations are linked, but must be differentiated from one another.
(Laughter) You have heard of phantom limb pain?
Phantom limb Phantom eye syndrome Giummarra, M. J.; Gibson, S. J.; Georgiou-Karistianis, N.; Bradshaw, J. L.(2007).
OK, now the next question is, what can you learn about phantom limbs by doing experiments?
Phantom limb sensation is the term given to any sensory phenomenon(except pain) which is felt at an absent limb or a portion of the limb. .
The patient inserts the healthy limb into one part of the device, and the phantom limb into another one.
In patients with phantom limb pain, the reorganization was great enough to cause a change in cortical lip representation into the hand areas only during lip movements.
The peripheral nervous systemis thought to have at most a modulation effect on phantom limb pain.
So, you have a patient with a phantom limb. If the arm has been removed and you have a phantom, and you watch somebody else being touched, you feel it in your phantom. .
And we approach this problem by considering another curious syndrome called phantom limb.
The quality of evidence in patients with complex regional pain syndrome and phantom limb pain is also low.:Firm conclusions could not be drawn.
Neuromas formed from injured nerve endings at the stump site are able to fire abnormal action potentials,and were historically thought to be the main cause of phantom limb pain.
One of the things we have found was, about half the patients with phantom limbs claim that they can move the phantom. .
So, I said, OK, this proves my theory about learned paralysis and the critical role of visual input, butI'm not going to get a Nobel Prize for getting somebody to move his phantom limb.
It has also beenfound that there is a high correlation between the magnitude of phantom limb pain and the extent to which the shift of the cortical representation of the mouth into the hand area in motor and somatosensory cortical reorganization has occurred.
The quality of evidence in patients with complex regional pain syndrome and phantom limb pain is also low.
However, in 1551,French military surgeon Ambroise Paré recorded the first documentation of phantom limb pain when he reported that,"For the patients, long after the amputation is made, say that they still feel pain in the amputated part".
Vilayanur S. Ramachandran believes that if the brain received visual feedback that the limb had moved,then the phantom limb would become unparalyzed.[9].
Now the astonishing thing is, if you have pain in your phantom limb, you squeeze the other person's hand, massage the other person's hand, that relieves the pain in your phantom hand, almost as though the neuron were obtaining relief from merely watching somebody else being massaged.
This study foundthat mirrored imagery produced no significant cortical activity in patients with phantom limb pain and concluded that"The optimal method to alter pain and brain representation, and the brain mechanisms underlying the effects mirror training or motor imagery, are still unclear.".
The term"phantom limb" was first coined by American neurologist Silas Weir Mitchell in 1871.[2] Mitchell described that"thousands of spirit limbs were haunting as many good soldiers, every now and then tormenting them".[3] However, in 1551, French military surgeon Ambroise Paré recorded the first documentation of phantom limb pain when he reported that,"For the patients, long after the amputation is made, say that they still feel pain in the amputated part".[3].
Mirror box therapy allows for illusions of movement and touch in a phantom limb by inducing somatosensory and motor pathway coupling between the phantom and real limb.[1] Many patients experience pain as a result of a clenched phantom limb, and because phantom limbs are not under voluntary control, unclenching becomes impossible.[9]This theory proposes that the phantom limb feels paralyzed because there is no feedback from the phantom back to the brain to inform it otherwise.
In a 2010 study of phantom limb pain, Martin Diers and his colleagues found that"In a randomized controlled trial that used graded motor imagery… and mirror training, patients with complex regional pain syndrome or phantom limb pain showed a decrease in pain as well as an improvement in function post-treatment and at the 6-month follow-up.